清代方测雨器、方蒸发器由来考     

王鹏飞 《南京气象学院学报》1991,(3)

本文前半部介绍我国清乾隆年间戴源所记方测雨器、方蒸发器的构造和作用,并对比介绍欧美方测雨器及方蒸发器的沿革。后半部主要探讨这些仪器外形方圆变化的原因。并对戴源仪器本身及《测圆图解》进行分析,进而证明这种仪器并非我国自创,却系耶稣会传教士由巴黎传入中国。但在我国气象仪器史中有着重要意义。  相似文献   

商州市杨斜钨金矿地球化学特征及成因分析     

王宗乾 《陕西地质》1994,(2)

杨斜地区石英脉型钨金矿床（点）主要分布在以沙河湾岩体为中心的北侧秦岭群内北北西向断裂中。钨、钨钼、铜、铅、锌等多金属及金、银矿化空间分布自南而北具有明显的分带性。同位素和包体资料表明成矿溶液主要为大气降水。钨金矿床（点）的形成与印支期花岗岩活动有关，岩体为成矿提供了主要金属元素。区内钨金、钨钼、铜、铅、锌及金银矿化规律性分布具有成矿系列的特点。  相似文献   

西汉至元末甘肃地区地震灾害的发生及特点初探     

赵旭国 《高原地震》2008,20(4):63-68

甘肃及邻区是中国大陆强震多发地区之一,在历史上曾经发生过多次大规模的地震灾害。从西汉惠帝二年（公元前193）开始,中国历史典籍记载了发生在甘肃的600多次地震灾害,其中绝大多数地震都发生在明清以后,与明清时期私撰史籍,方志盛行不无关系。西汉到元末近1600年间的地震灾害记载相对较少,但认识这一时段甘肃地区的地震灾害对认识甘肃省的地震全貌至关重要,基于此认识,笔者依据相关资料,撰写此文简要介绍了从西汉惠帝二年开始有地震灾害记载到元末这一历史时段里各个时期的地震灾害情况及总体特点。  相似文献   

历史时期县级政区数据库的设计与应用——以清代陕西为例     

王均  王红  何凡能 《测绘科学》2007,32(4):119-120,107

本文讨论了历史政区数据库的性质和特点,以清代陕西历史数据库的建立为例提出了编制底图及数据库设计的原则和方法,并建立了以政区境界为主要内容的县级数据库,最后探讨了政区数据库的应用。  相似文献   

Impacts of seismic activity and climatic change on Chinese history in the recent millennium     

FAN Jiawei  JIANG Hanchao  XU Hongyan  ZHANG Wei 《地理学报(英文版)》2022,32(11):2328-2348

General history of disasters in China suggests that China has frequently experienced two major natural disasters in its long history, one is from catastrophic earthquake events, and the other is from extreme climatic events, due to its unique active tectonic environment and climatic complexity. Although these two major natural disasters have caused great damage to human society, it remains unclear whether and how they affect Chinese dynasty alternation on decadal (emperor) timescales. Based on detailed comparisons between abrupt climatic changes, catastrophic seismic activities, and the history of Chinese dynasty alternation from 1000-2000 AD, we conclude that on decadal timescales, extreme drought (and/or flood) events could indeed significantly reduce agricultural production, cause severe food shortages and famine, and result in increases in population exile, rising food prices and inflation, and insufficient supplies for military defense, which could exceed social resilience and eventually lead to financial risks and social upheavals of the dynasties. In addition, catastrophic seismic events in the densely populated, agricultural areas of China, including the 1303 surface wave magnitude (M_s) 8.0 Hongtong earthquake, the 1556 M_s 8.25 Huaxian earthquake and the 1920 M_s 8.5 Haiyuan earthquake, caused more than 200,000 casualties and millions of victims to live in exile which was almost equivalent to the order of magnitude of those extreme climatic events-induced refugees. The secondary geological hazards related to the earthquakes (e.g., extensive landslides and soil erosion), which could last for decades, caused more casualties and reduced food production. Furthermore, great plague spread caused by the casualties could significantly increase psychological panic among the survivors, resulting in social instability. Therefore, catastrophic seismic events could also accelerate the collapse of the dynasties (e.g., the Ming dynasty) without immediate mitigation measures. This study indicates that catastrophic seismic activities, as well as extreme climatic events, could have great effects on the social structures and thus on the Chinese dynasty alternation on decadal timescales, which highlights the far-reaching implications of geological hazard research.  相似文献   

清代华北蝗灾时空分布及其与水旱灾害的关系^*          下载免费PDF全文

萧凌波 《古地理学报》2018,20(6):1113-1122

利用《清史·灾赈志》中的历史灾害信息,重建清代(公元1644—1911年)华北蝗灾、水灾和旱灾的逐年频次序列,并以核密度估计法刻画3种灾害的空间分布,在此基础上展开时空对比分析。结果表明,蝗灾频次体现出一定的阶段性,1640s—1690s与1800s—1850s为2个多发时段,空间上主要分布于冀鲁豫三省的平原地区及山西的汾河谷地。年际尺度上蝗灾与旱灾呈显著正相关,干旱对于蝗灾的触发作用较为明显,但极端干旱会在一定程度上抑制蝗灾的规模;水灾对于当年灾区的蝗情有显著抑制,但灾后由涝转旱的气候背景可能诱发大面积蝗灾。在空间上,蝗灾与水旱灾害多发区有良好的对应,但水旱灾害的不同影响机制以及蝗虫的迁飞特性,使得3种灾害的极端多发区并不重合。蝗灾最集中的区域呈新月状分布于河北省西部,可能是蝗虫从孳生地(海河水系下游近水荒滩)迁飞于此,在太行山脉的阻隔之下形成。上述结论有助于推进对历史时期蝗灾发生机制的科学认识,以及指导气候变化背景之下的蝗灾防治工作。  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯高原西南部清代霜雪灾害研究     

马晓华  赵景波  温震军 《冰川冻土》2017,39(3):498-504

通过对鄂尔多斯高原西南部清代文献资料的搜集、整理和定量分析,研究了该区霜雪灾害等级、阶段、时空变化、周期及其成因。结果表明,鄂尔多斯高原西南部共发生霜雪灾害57次,其中轻度10次,中度43次,重度4次。灾害变化可分为1644-1733年、1734-1783年、1784-1833年、1834-1863年及1864-1912年等5个阶段。时间上,灾害主要发生在秋末冬初和初春;空间上,灾害主要分布在银川、中卫、平罗、永宁、盐池和定边,共6个地区。同时,小波分析结果表明,灾害存在着4个明显的发生周期,即3 a、6 a、27 a和58 a的周期。降雪或寒流引起的气温骤降至0℃以下是造成鄂尔多斯高原西南部霜雪灾害发生的主要原因。  相似文献